In the United States, particularly in Pennsylvania, recent insights from dairy experts highlight the often-overlooked impact of heat stress on unborn calves. The issue is gaining attention among dairy professionals as research confirms that high summer temperatures not only affect lactating cows but also impose lifelong consequences on calves in utero. The Pennsylvania State University and nutrition company Vita Plus emphasize the need to prioritize cooling and nutrition strategies for dry cows and bred heifers to protect future herd productivity.
As summer temperatures intensify across the United States, dairy farmers in Pennsylvania and beyond are being urged to focus not just on lactating cows but also on dry cows and bred heifers. Research from Pennsylvania State University and nutrition strategies shared by Vita Plus reveal that heat stress during late gestation carries hidden, long-term consequences for the unborn calf.
“Calves born from dams under heat stress are basically doomed from the start,” says Bethany Dado-Senn, a calf and heifer technical specialist at Vita Plus. These calves tend to be lighter, less healthy, and grow up to produce less milk across their lifespans, with ripple effects that can extend to future generations.
Carly Becker, a former dairy extension educator with Penn State, explains that late gestation is a vital period when the fetus gains around 60% of its birth weight. “If the dam is under heat stress, that calf is growing in a nutrient-restricted environment,” she says. Studies confirm reduced placental function, early births, compromised immunity, and lower birth weights — on average 8.8 lbs. lighter.
This unseen damage doesn’t end at birth. Calves affected in utero show lower feed intake, delayed growth, higher intervention needs, and later first calving. Even granddaughters of these calves may inherit the productivity gap, perpetuating loss across multiple lactation cycles.
To mitigate these challenges, experts advocate physical cooling strategies like installing fans, tunnel ventilation systems, soakers, and ensuring 24/7 access to clean water. “The dry period is a critical 45- to 60-day window,” Becker adds, “yet too often, dry cows are left with little to no cooling support.”
Nutrition also plays a crucial role. Rumen-protected methionine and choline — essential nutrients — have shown promise in countering heat stress’s effects. These supplements support fetal development, intestinal growth, immune strength, and even thermal regulation after birth.
“Methionine and choline can’t replace cooling, but they add a safety net,” Dado-Senn notes. Studies show calves born to dams fed these nutrients have better growth, higher weaning weights, and greater feed efficiency.
As heat waves become more frequent, the U.S. dairy sector is urged to shift focus toward the less visible, yet highly vulnerable segment of the herd — pregnant dry cows and bred heifers. Doing so could mean the difference between a thriving future herd or years of productivity loss.
“Investing in dry cow and bred heifer cooling isn’t just about comfort,” Becker emphasizes. “It’s about protecting your future herd and setting calves up for success.”
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